diff --git a/kernel/riscv.h b/kernel/riscv.h
index ccf19eb..8fbeadd 100644
--- a/kernel/riscv.h
+++ b/kernel/riscv.h
@@ -46,25 +46,12 @@ w_mepc(u64 x)
 
 // Supervisor Status Register, sstatus
 
-/** Supervisor Previous Privilege */
-#define SSTATUS_SPP (1L << 8) // Previous mode, 1=Supervisor, 0=User
+#define SSTATUS_SPP  (1L << 8) // Previous mode, 1=Supervisor, 0=User
+#define SSTATUS_SPIE (1L << 5) // Supervisor Previous Interrupt Enable
+#define SSTATUS_UPIE (1L << 4) // User Previous Interrupt Enable
+#define SSTATUS_SIE  (1L << 1) // Supervisor Interrupt Enable
+#define SSTATUS_UIE  (1L << 0) // User Interrupt Enable
 
-/** Supervisor Previous Interrupt Enable */
-#define SSTATUS_SPIE (1L << 5)
-
-/** User Previous Interrupt Enable */
-#define SSTATUS_UPIE (1L << 4)
-
-/** Supervisor Interrupt Enable */
-#define SSTATUS_SIE (1L << 1)
-
-/** User Interrupt Enable */
-#define SSTATUS_UIE (1L << 0)
-
-/**
- * Read the value of the sstatus register.
- * (Supervisor Status Register)
- */
 static inline u64
 r_sstatus()
 {
@@ -73,17 +60,13 @@ r_sstatus()
   return x;
 }
 
-/**
- * Write a value to the sstatus register.
- * (Supervisor Status Register)
- */
 static inline void
 w_sstatus(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw sstatus, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Read Suporvisor Interrupt Pending */
+// Supervisor Interrupt Pending
 static inline u64
 r_sip()
 {
@@ -92,26 +75,16 @@ r_sip()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Write Suporvisor Interrupt Pending */
 static inline void
 w_sip(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw sip, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Supervisor External Interrup Enable */
-#define SIE_SEIE (1L << 9)
-
-/** Supervisor Timer Interrupt Enable */
-#define SIE_STIE (1L << 5)
-
-/** Supervisor Software Interrupt Enable */
-#define SIE_SSIE (1L << 1)
-
-/**
- * Read the value of the sie register.
- * (Supervisor Interrupt Enable)
- */
+// Supervisor Interrupt Enable
+#define SIE_SEIE (1L << 9) // external
+#define SIE_STIE (1L << 5) // timer
+#define SIE_SSIE (1L << 1) // software
 static inline u64
 r_sie()
 {
@@ -120,29 +93,16 @@ r_sie()
   return x;
 }
 
-/**
- * Write the valie to the sie rgister
- * (Supervisor Interrupt Enable)
- */
 static inline void
 w_sie(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw sie, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Machine External Interrupt Enable */
-#define MIE_MEIE (1L << 11)
-
-/** Machine Timer Interrupt Enable */
-#define MIE_MTIE (1L << 7)
-
-/** Machine Software Interrupt Enable */
-#define MIE_MSIE (1L << 3)
-
-/**
- * Read the value of the mie register.
- * (Machine Interrupt Enable)
- */
+// Machine-mode Interrupt Enable
+#define MIE_MEIE (1L << 11) // external
+#define MIE_MTIE (1L << 7)  // timer
+#define MIE_MSIE (1L << 3)  // software
 static inline u64
 r_mie()
 {
@@ -151,10 +111,6 @@ r_mie()
   return x;
 }
 
-/**
- * Write the value to the mie register.
- * (Machine Interrupt Enable)
- */
 static inline void
 w_mie(u64 x)
 {
@@ -164,15 +120,12 @@ w_mie(u64 x)
 // supervisor exception program counter, holds the
 // instruction address to which a return from
 // exception will go.
-
-/** Write Supervisor Exception Program Counter */
 static inline void
 w_sepc(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw sepc, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Read Supervisor Exception Program Counter */
 static inline u64
 r_sepc()
 {
@@ -181,7 +134,7 @@ r_sepc()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Read Machine Exception Delegation */
+// Machine Exception Delegation
 static inline u64
 r_medeleg()
 {
@@ -190,14 +143,13 @@ r_medeleg()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Write Machine Exception Delegation */
 static inline void
 w_medeleg(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw medeleg, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Read Machine Interrupt Delegation */
+// Machine Interrupt Delegation
 static inline u64
 r_mideleg()
 {
@@ -206,21 +158,20 @@ r_mideleg()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Write Machine Interrupt Delegation */
 static inline void
 w_mideleg(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw mideleg, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Write Supervisor Trap-Vector Base Address */
+// Supervisor Trap-Vector Base Address
+// low two bits are mode.
 static inline void
 w_stvec(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw stvec, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Read Supervisor Trap-Vector Base Address */
 static inline u64
 r_stvec()
 {
@@ -229,50 +180,39 @@ r_stvec()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Write Machine Trap-Vector Base Address */
+// Machine-mode interrupt vector
 static inline void
 w_mtvec(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw mtvec, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Read Physical Memory Protection Configuration */
+// Physical Memory Protection
 static inline void
 w_pmpcfg0(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw pmpcfg0, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Write Physical Memory Protection Configuration */
 static inline void
 w_pmpaddr0(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw pmpaddr0, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Risc-v's sv39 page table scheme. */
+// use riscv's sv39 page table scheme.
 #define SATP_SV39 (8L << 60)
 
-/** Make Supervisor Address Translation and Protection */
 #define MAKE_SATP(pagetable) (SATP_SV39 | (((u64)pagetable) >> 12))
 
-/**
- * Write the value to the satp register.
- * (Supervisor Address Translation and Protection)
- *
- * This register holds the address of the page table.
- */
+// supervisor address translation and protection;
+// holds the address of the page table.
 static inline void
 w_satp(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw satp, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/**
- * Read the value of the satp register.
- * (Supervisor Address Translation and Protection)
- * Returns the address of the page table.
- */
 static inline u64
 r_satp()
 {
@@ -281,14 +221,13 @@ r_satp()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Read Supervisor Scratch Register */
 static inline void
 w_mscratch(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw mscratch, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Supervisor Trap Cause */
+// Supervisor Trap Cause
 static inline u64
 r_scause()
 {
@@ -297,7 +236,7 @@ r_scause()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Supervisor Trap Value */
+// Supervisor Trap Value
 static inline u64
 r_stval()
 {
@@ -306,14 +245,13 @@ r_stval()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Write Machine-mode Counter-Enable Register */
+// Machine-mode Counter-Enable
 static inline void
 w_mcounteren(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("csrw mcounteren, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Read Machine-mode Counter-Enable Register */
 static inline u64
 r_mcounteren()
 {
@@ -322,10 +260,7 @@ r_mcounteren()
   return x;
 }
 
-/**
- * Machine-mode cycle counter
- * Reports the current wall-clock time from the timer device.
- */
+// machine-mode cycle counter
 static inline u64
 r_time()
 {
@@ -334,21 +269,21 @@ r_time()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Enable device interrupts */
+// enable device interrupts
 static inline void
 intr_on()
 {
   w_sstatus(r_sstatus() | SSTATUS_SIE);
 }
 
-/** Disable device interrupts */
+// disable device interrupts
 static inline void
 intr_off()
 {
   w_sstatus(r_sstatus() & ~SSTATUS_SIE);
 }
 
-/** Are device interrupts enabled? */
+// are device interrupts enabled?
 static inline int
 intr_get()
 {
@@ -356,7 +291,6 @@ intr_get()
   return (x & SSTATUS_SIE) != 0;
 }
 
-/** Read stack pointer */
 static inline u64
 r_sp()
 {
@@ -367,8 +301,6 @@ r_sp()
 
 // read and write tp, the thread pointer, which xv6 uses to hold
 // this core's hartid (core number), the index into cpus[].
-
-/** Read thread pointer */
 static inline u64
 r_tp()
 {
@@ -377,14 +309,12 @@ r_tp()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Write thread pointer */
 static inline void
 w_tp(u64 x)
 {
   asm volatile("mv tp, %0" : : "r"(x));
 }
 
-/** Read the return address */
 static inline u64
 r_ra()
 {
@@ -393,7 +323,7 @@ r_ra()
   return x;
 }
 
-/** Flush the TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer) */
+// flush the TLB.
 static inline void
 sfence_vma()
 {
@@ -401,65 +331,37 @@ sfence_vma()
   asm volatile("sfence.vma zero, zero");
 }
 
-/** Page Table Entry Type */
-typedef u64 pte_t;
-
-/** Page Table Type */
+typedef u64  pte_t;
 typedef u64 *pagetable_t; // 512 PTEs
 
 #endif // __ASSEMBLER__
 
-/** Page Size */
-#define PGSIZE 4096 // bytes per page
-
-/** Page Shift, bits of offset within a page */
-#define PGSHIFT 12
+#define PGSIZE  4096 // bytes per page
+#define PGSHIFT 12   // bits of offset within a page
 
 #define PGROUNDUP(sz)  (((sz) + PGSIZE - 1) & ~(PGSIZE - 1))
 #define PGROUNDDOWN(a) (((a)) & ~(PGSIZE - 1))
 
-/**
- * Page Table Entry Flags
- */
+#define PTE_V (1L << 0) // valid
+#define PTE_R (1L << 1)
+#define PTE_W (1L << 2)
+#define PTE_X (1L << 3)
+#define PTE_U (1L << 4) // user can access
 
-#define PTE_V (1L << 0) /** PTE Valid */
-#define PTE_R (1L << 1) /** PTE Readable */
-#define PTE_W (1L << 2) /** PTE Writeable */
-#define PTE_X (1L << 3) /** PTE Executable */
-#define PTE_U (1L << 4) /** PTE User Accessible */
-
-/**
- * Helper macros to shift a physical address
- * to the right place for a PTE.
- */
-
-/** Physical Address to Page Table Entry */
+// shift a physical address to the right place for a PTE.
 #define PA2PTE(pa) ((((u64)pa) >> 12) << 10)
 
-/** Page Table Entry to Physical Address */
 #define PTE2PA(pte) (((pte) >> 10) << 12)
 
-/** Page Table Entry Flags */
 #define PTE_FLAGS(pte) ((pte) & 0x3FF)
 
-/**
- * Helper macros to extract the three 9-bit
- * page table indices from a virtual address.
- */
-
-/** Page Extract Mask */
-#define PXMASK 0x1FF // 9 bits, 0b111111111
-
-/** Page Extract Shift */
+// extract the three 9-bit page table indices from a virtual address.
+#define PXMASK         0x1FF // 9 bits
 #define PXSHIFT(level) (PGSHIFT + (9 * (level)))
+#define PX(level, va)  ((((u64)(va)) >> PXSHIFT(level)) & PXMASK)
 
-/** Page Extract */
-#define PX(level, va) ((((u64)(va)) >> PXSHIFT(level)) & PXMASK)
-
-/**
- * One beyond the highest possible virtual address.
- * MAXVA is actually one bit less than the max allowed by
- * Sv39, to avoid having to sign-extend virtual addresses
- * that have the high bit set.
- */
+// one beyond the highest possible virtual address.
+// MAXVA is actually one bit less than the max allowed by
+// Sv39, to avoid having to sign-extend virtual addresses
+// that have the high bit set.
 #define MAXVA (1L << (9 + 9 + 9 + 12 - 1))
diff --git a/kernel/trampoline.S b/kernel/trampoline.S
index 201cd4a..3f514dd 100644
--- a/kernel/trampoline.S
+++ b/kernel/trampoline.S
@@ -31,16 +31,13 @@ uservec:
 
         # save user a0 in sscratch so
         # a0 can be used to get at TRAPFRAME.
-        # CSRW = Control and Status Register Write
-        csrw sscratch, a0 # Save the userspace a0 in sscratch
+        csrw sscratch, a0
 
         # each process has a separate p->trapframe memory area,
         # but it's mapped to the same virtual address
         # (TRAPFRAME) in every process's user page table.
         li a0, TRAPFRAME
 
-        # INFO: To see the layout of TRAPFRAME, see: proc.h
-
         # save the user registers in TRAPFRAME
         sd ra, 40(a0)
         sd sp, 48(a0)
@@ -51,7 +48,6 @@ uservec:
         sd t2, 88(a0)
         sd s0, 96(a0)
         sd s1, 104(a0)
-        // Note that we dont save a0
         sd a1, 120(a0)
         sd a2, 128(a0)
         sd a3, 136(a0)
@@ -75,9 +71,8 @@ uservec:
         sd t6, 280(a0)
 
 	# save the user a0 in p->trapframe->a0
-        # CSRR = Control and Status Register Read
-        csrr t0, sscratch # Get the userspace a0 from where we stored it before
-        sd t0, 112(a0) # Store userspace a0 in p->trapframe->a0
+        csrr t0, sscratch
+        sd t0, 112(a0)
 
         # initialize kernel stack pointer, from p->trapframe->kernel_sp
         ld sp, 8(a0)
@@ -88,6 +83,7 @@ uservec:
         # load the address of usertrap(), from p->trapframe->kernel_trap
         ld t0, 16(a0)
 
+
         # fetch the kernel page table address, from p->trapframe->kernel_satp.
         ld t1, 0(a0)
 
@@ -98,7 +94,7 @@ uservec:
         # install the kernel page table.
         csrw satp, t1
 
-        # flush now-stale user entries from the TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer)
+        # flush now-stale user entries from the TLB.
         sfence.vma zero, zero
 
         # jump to usertrap(), which does not return
diff --git a/user/user.ld b/user/user.ld
index 20054dc..0ca922b 100644
--- a/user/user.ld
+++ b/user/user.ld
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ ENTRY( _main )
 SECTIONS
 {
  . = 0x0;
-
+ 
   .text : {
     *(.text .text.*)
   }